International Concern Over the State of the Oceans, Including Bycatch and Sea Turtles:

93. This concern for the state of the world's oceans, and more particularly the issues of devastated marine resources, overfishing, bycatch, and the environmental and social consequences of these problems is not limited to the rhetoric of governments and multinational organizations. There is considerable anxiety and grave concern in non-governmental groups and civilian associations. Unshackled by the pressures of international diplomacy, the statements of these concerned citizen groups, and people who depend directly on the resources in question, are not only germane, clear and succinct, but also more direct. In 1992 a 25-point Declaration was endorsed by a consortium of 104 organizations, representing millions of people in two dozen countries - including development organizations, environmental organizations, fishing communities, fishing companies, and even a canning company. It was explained that "even the most comprehensive bycatch strategies will only be partial solutions if broader overfishing and structural issues in fisheries are not addressed." "Overfishing, waste, and discards leading to ecosystem degradation and collapse are tied, in large part, to over-capacity, non-selective technologies and the lack of cooperative systems of management, control, and enforcement based on strong conservation principles and objectives. Driven often by short term economic objectives and trade, these conditions drive an extremely destructive cycle that if allowed to continue into the future, will result in more social dislocation and environmental destruction". (Romine, 1995).

94. The Declaration, which specifically mentions sea turtles, makes it perfectly clear that "[m]any countries have pursued policies designed to maximize export earnings and fisheries production, often under pressure to service foreign debt, and often to the detriment of fish stocks, marine biodiversity, and coastal communities." [4]; and "[r]ising demand in industrialized countries for high-value species of fish is driving destructive fisheries practices worldwide, including shrimp trawl and aquaculture, with negative impacts on coastal wetlands, mangroves, marine biodiversity, and coastal fishing communities." [22]. Focusing on the mild language of intergovernmental accords, this Declaration states "[t]hough all relevant mechanisms or instruments should be viewed as opportunities to advance these issues, we would like to emphasize that codes of conduct, resolutions, declarations, or other agreements that are voluntary in nature are unacceptable substitutes for legally binding agreements." [7], and "[a]t a minimum, international agreements .... must contain provisions that require, rather than merely promote or encourage, the use of selective gears and techniques." [11].

95. Between the 2 and 7 of June 1994, nearly 100 people, from 31 nations, gathered in Cebu, Philippines to celebrate the Tenth Anniversary of the International Conference of Fishworkers and their Supporters. The Cebu Conference "The Struggles of Fishworkers: New Concerns for Support" resulted in a published proceedings of 345 pages, including a fourteen-page Declaration. What makes this conference remarkable is the integration of social and environmental issues, and the clarity with which they perceived the way in which the health of a society depends on the health of the environment. Among the recommendations were:

• "promote and facilitate greater awareness on coastal environmental issues affecting fishworker communities as well as help to develop [and] nurture strategies for a sustainable future";
• "provide international advocacy for appropriate action against coastal degradation and ... document and publicize examples of successful coastal environment management";
• "monitor relevant developments concerning negotiations and treaties for the protection of the environment at the international level and inform fishworkers' organizations of these developments";
• "launch an international campaign to achieve a complete ban on bottom trawling in tropical waters...";
• "facilitate continued discussion amongst fishworkers' organizations and help draft and elaborate a general set of agreed criteria against which to measure the social and ecological impacts of fishing technology to determine the acceptability of various technologies";
• "monitor the evolving situation of the fishworkers with regard to the impacts of international trade, structural adjustments, and other aspects of international economic policies (especially as they affect food security in certain countries) and promote the exchange of information on these questions among the fishworkers' organizations of different countries".

96. Another, just publicized, global initiative is "Troubled Waters: A Call for Action"; this statement, organized by the Marine Conservation Biology Institute, has been endorsed by more than 1,600 scientists, from 65 nations. It expresses concern about the state of the oceans and calls for immediate action to reverse the trends in widespread destruction to marine species and ecosystems. Among the threats of greatest importance which were pointed out were overfishing and bottom trawls. The plight of endangered sea turtles, drowning in shrimp trawls and the need for TEDs, was not mentioned in the one page statement, for it was assumed that this was general knowledge (Norse, 1997b).

97. Resolutions for the 17th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, attended by more than 700 people from more than 30 nations, have recently expressed concern about: implementation of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, the status of the Interamerican Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles, incidental mortality sea turtles in shrimping operations in the United States, and the conservation activities for sea turtles in India (Wyneken, 1997).

98. Several other recent non-governmental undertakings have focused specifically on the issue of endangered sea turtles, the use of TEDs and questions of the present dispute:

• A Statement of Scientists, to date signed by more than 260 people from 31 countries, has emphasized the endangered status of marine turtles and the need to use TEDs to reduce mortality in shrimp trawling (Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund, 1997);
• A "TEDs Today" campaign in India had accumulated 104 signatures as of 11 November 1997, endorsing the need to provide protection for sea turtles by using TEDs in shrimp trawlers (Helpin Herps, 1997);
• An Amicus Brief on the present dispute before the WTO, prepared by the Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development (FIELD, 1997), representing the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) International, presented a series of arguments, seeking to "demonstrate the utility of a formal right of intervention for non-governmental organizations in disputes before the WTO". After presenting conservation information, the Amicus presents a detailed analysis of "Law and Policy", and concluded that "the measures under dispute relate to conservation, are necessary, and are not arbitrary or unjustifiable";
• A second Amicus Brief was prepared by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL, 1997), in collaboration with the Center for Marine Conservation (Washington, D. C.), the Red Nacional de Acción Ecológica (Chile), The Environmental Foundation, Ltd. (Sri Lanka), and The Philippine Ecological Network. It is preceded by a "Motion to Submit Amicus Brief" which argues that "Acceptance of the amicus brief enhances public participation in the WTO and improves the WTO dispute settlement process". This Amicus provides a second analysis of biological and technical matters, followed by a detailed analysis of "Legal Arguments", similarly supporting the need and legal basis for protecting sea turtles by using TEDs.

99. While many of these initiatives have been undertaken in 1997, it is important to realize that the international concern for the status of sea turtles and the use of TEDs is not new. For example, a Resolution urging maximum size limits, protection of habitat and TED's was passed unanimously at General Assembly of the 17th Session of the IUCN, in San José, Costa Rica, 1-10 February 1988. The members of the General Assembly of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (now World Conservation Union) urged the United States to implement "federal regulations requiring the use of TEDs needed to prevent the capture and drowning of the critically endangered Kemp's ridley sea turtle or any other species of sea turtle." They further urged "member governments to enact and enforce national legislation to increase the conservation of sea turtles", inter alia, "[w]here sea turtles are present, require use of TEDs by shrimp trawlers, and control all other fishing methods as needed to minimize incidental catch, particularly off the nesting beaches during the breeding season." (Canin, 1989).

100. It is important to emphasize that the widespread, international manifestation of concern about the state of the oceans, destructive fishing operations, bottom trawling, shrimp trawling, endangered sea turtles and the use of TEDs is not some isolated social phenomenon. It is part of a burgeoning civilian concern about the social and environmental damages caused by modern fisheries practices. A case in point is a global civilian movement in response to the world shrimp industry. The documentation of intense environmental and social problems caused by industrial shrimp farming is vast and growing, and includes the work of the United Nations Research Institute of Social Development (Barraclough and Finger-Stich, 1995), citizen action groups (e.g., Quarto, 1992; Ahmed, 1997) and environmental scientists (e.g., Goss 1997). It is noteworthy that although the industry has characterized these civil movements as "extremist", the leaders of diverse national organizations include national heroes and Gandhians who espouse non-violence - despite the way in which the industry has treated them (Ahmed, 1997).

The Need for International Collaboration:

101. The complexities of protecting and managing migratory animals are tremendous, and have been recognized and acknowledged in different fora. For example, the officer in charge of selective fishing issues in the FAO wrote: "Regarding the management of the exploitation of shared resources or migratory stocks, a difficulty may result from the migration of growing fish [and other animals] to foreign waters. Such a situation requires that the management measures are taken not only at a national level but also at a regional level. Very selective and efficient fishing methods at a given time could affect future fish populations in the long term". (Prado, 1997:42).

102. Dilday (1995:303), from the US Department of State summarized the conundrum, between the need for international collaboration on the one side, and the exigency to catalyze action promoting changes in fisheries on the other: "[a]s in the case of the tuna/dolphin situation, the threat and imposition of US embargoes have helped encourage some countries to devote greater attention to sea turtle protection in the wider Caribbean. However, the Department of State recognizes that this approach may not be viable over the long term. Therefore, we are currently engaged in discussions with other countries to establish a multilateral regional convention for the protection and conservation of sea turtles."

Conclusions and Implications of the Above Discussion:

103. The state of the world's oceans is of grave concern, at national, regional and international levels; most fisheries stocks have been depleted or are being harvested at maximum yield, and untold species - including many that are endangered - are confronted by unrelenting pressures. Yet, intensity of fishing effort only seems to increase, and modern fishing methods are notoriously unselective, impacting far more than the species that are being targeted for human use. One of the clearest manifestations of this dilemma is shown by the statistics on bycatch. The effects of intense, unselective fishing - producing millions of tons of bycatch every year - are multifarious and ponderous. These practices seriously afflict fisheries stocks, the marine environment and coastal societies, both at present and for the future.

104. One of the most destructive of modern fishing practices is bottom trawling, particularly shrimp trawling, for it produces vast amounts of bycatch - most of which is discarded - and alters the ocean floor, reducing the quality of habitats. In addition to direct impacts on fisheries of commercial importance, the bycatch of shrimp trawlers includes countless other species of ecological and conservation importance: endangered species of sea turtles are among these.

105. Marine turtles are internationally regarded as endangered because many populations are greatly depleted from former times, and environments critical to their survival have been destroyed and contaminated - routinely at the hand of Man. Because they have complex life cycles, are slow to mature, and live for decades, these animals present tremendous challenges in terms of conservation; there is no simple prescription for conserving turtles or their habitats, but what is clear is that an interdisciplinary, integrated approach is absolutely essential. This means providing protection at all stages of the complex life cycle, in different environments and over extended periods of time. This simple fact means that by providing adequate protection for marine turtles, a multitude of animals, plants and environments must be considered and protected: conserving marine turtles leads to protecting a tremendous area of marine ecosystems. Put another way, marine turtles cannot be conserved if the marine environments in which they live are in jeopardy.

106. An animal that is applied as a symbol with which to protect many other species and ecosystems, is known as a "flagship species". The relevance of marine turtles to global conservation transcends issues of protecting endangered species and biological diversity, for it also bears directly on global fisheries matters. Because the most critical life history stages of sea turtles are those animals that are reproducing, or close to reproducing, and because it is those animals that are most at risk in fishing operations conserving sea turtles means dealing adequately with the bycatch issue. However, it is not easy to bring about changes in methods and attitudes in the fisheries industry, to convince them to modify gear, making it more selective, and to employ responsible operating procedures. Gear that is widely acknowledged to be among the most destructive (shrimp trawls) can be simply adapted (using TEDs) in order to conserve sea turtles; at the same time this small modification will serve both practically and ideologically as an invaluable step in developing responsible fisheries.

107. In this context, sea turtles have the potential to function as flagship species for solving much larger bycatch problems. Accomplishing this would not only save sea turtles, but it would help preserve other diverse marine organisms and marine environments. The success of these feats will be measured by a growing number of coastal peoples around the world whose livelihoods and very culture depend intimately on the availability of inshore marine resources.

108. In many respects, this deed would be "coming full circle", with technology providing a simple means for the turtle - an ancient religious and mythological symbol - to serve as savior in facilitating the resolution of a global dilemma.

DOCUMENTS APPENDED TO THIS ANNEX:

Canin, J., (1989), Greenpeace guest editorial: IUCN Resolution, Marine Turtle Newsletter, 44:1-4.

CIEL (Center for International Environmental Law), (1997), Amicus Brief to the Panel on United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Imports, Center for Marine Conservation, Red Nacional de Acción Ecológica, The Environmental Foundation Ltd., and The Philippine Ecological Network, (vi), iii + 39 p.

FIELD (Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development), (1997), WWF Amicus Brief to WTO Shrimp-Turtle Dispute, World Wide Fund for Nature; Gland, Switzerland, 31 p.

Helpin Herps, (1997), TEDs today: Kachab's story, Helpin Herps; Ahmedabad, 9 p.

Norse, E. A., (1997b), Troubled Waters: A Call for Action, Marine Conservation Biology Institute; Redmond, Washington, 11 p.

Romine, T., Perspectives on the global fisheries crisis, in: T. Wray (technical editor), Solving Bycatch: Considerations for Today and Tomorrow, University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program; Fairbanks, Alaska, pp. 61-69.

SAMUDRA, (1994), The Cebu Conference, Proceedings, International Collective in Support of Fishworkers; Madras, India, 346 p.

Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund, (1997), Statement of Scientists, 12 p.

Wyneken, J., (1997), Resolutions of the 17th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtles Biology and Conservation, 4-8 March 1997, Orlando, Florida, US, 9 p.

TRANSFER OF TED TECHNOLOGY

By Dr. J. Frazier

1. It is with some distress that I have read repeated criticisms that there have been no, incompetent, or inadequate attempts to transfer technology on TEDs to fishermen, fisheries officers, other authorities, conservationists and other concerned people outside of the United States. Having interacted with the gear specialists of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) responsible for the development of TEDs, I can assert from both professional and personal experience that they have consistently made considerable efforts for close to two decades to share their information with people interested in sea turtle conservation and reducing incidental mortality of turtles and other bycatch. A public presentation on the first results of their early work was given in November 1979, at the World Conference on Sea Turtle Conservation, attended by more than 300 participants from 40 different nations (McVae and Seidel, 1982). Publications explaining their work, gear modifications used and other details, have appeared for close to 20 years in international journals, such as International Council for Exploration of the Sea (Watson and Seidel, 1980) and the Marine Turtle Newsletter (Mrosovsky, 1982; Oravetz, 1984; Mitchell, 1991), as well as in regional fishery journals, such as Australian Fisheries (Oravetz and Grant, 1986). These specialists have also been participating for years in international meetings, such as the Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation (which is attended by hundreds of people, from dozens of countries), where TED specialists make public presentations on their work and take part in formal and informal discussions with other sea turtle biologists and conservationists (e.g., Christian and Harrington, 1988; Oravetz, 1988; Kendall, 1989; Klima et. al., 1989; Mitchell et. al., 1989; Mitchell et. al., 1990; Klima et. al., 1991; Oravetz, 1991).

2. In 1985, while I was working in the People's Republic of China, I sent a request to Mr. Chuck Oravetz, Protected Species Management Branch, NMFS, asking for information on TEDs, so that I could give it to colleagues in China. On receiving a large package of manuals and other materials, these were distributed to various people involved in coastal fisheries in China. In more recent years, while working on TEDs with students in Mexico (Olguin, 1996; Olguin et. al., 1996), requests for technical advice, reports and manuals, videos and other materials relevant to the design, installation, use, and evaluation of TEDs have always been fulfilled: the response of the specialists in the Pascagoula Laboratory of NMFS has always been helpful and friendly. From repeated discussions about TEDs and problems of bycatch with other colleagues in Latin America (e.g., Brazil and Costa Rica), it is clear that this sharing of information and readiness to assist in matters related to TEDs and bycatch reduction has been a constant feature of the NMFS specialists.

3. Since none of the delegations involved in the present dispute seem to appreciate the amount of effort and dedication, or the long history, of this attempt to transfer TED technology as widely as possible, a selection of supporting documents is being annexed (with the time constraints involved in preparing this report, the materials that are included are what could be acquired at very short notice).

4. The appended documents clearly show that there have been countless efforts to make TED technology available to fishers, fisheries officers, NGO's, and other organizations in various nations (documentation from nearly two dozen countries is included herein). There has been correspondence between NMFS specialists and leading sea turtle biologists in Australia, Canada, France, India, Japan, Malaysia and Philippines, some of which dates back to the early 1980's. In addition, they have conducted more than 40 workshops held outside the United States, each of which has involved not only expenses in travel, communications and materials, but time and effort in planning and execution.

5. Having worked with the NMFS specialists, I can testify to their high level of interest, competence and commitment in sharing information and technology, instrumental in the reduction of mortality of sea turtles in fishing activities. I find absolutely no justification for characterizing the TED technology transfer programme, or the specialists responsible for it, as unconcerned, incompetent, or having ulterior motives to protect the domestic fishery for shrimp in the United States: the transparency, frankness and dedication with which they have been disseminating information on TEDs and other gear modifications for nearly two decades belies any such claims.

6. Finally, it must be emphasized that this desire to reduce destruction of endangered species and other bycatch, by assisting in the transfer of technology, is shared by other specialists from other agencies, for this attitude is central to a professional ethic. For example Ms. Julie Robins of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Australia, has also consistently provided helpful advice and materials to us in Mexico, while we have been working to gather more information on the effects of TEDs and how best to use them in Campeche.

7. This point is further supported by a perusal of the voluminous literature on bycatch, generated by academics, fisheries officers and gear technicians, in which descriptions - often in considerable detail - of experiments, gear modification and other innovations are publicly presented and discussed. For example, an international workshop on bycatch problems held in September, 1995 in Seattle, Washington, resulted in a published proceedings of 322 pages and 50 chapters (Wray, 1995). The reports, circulars and other publications produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization on the problem of bycatch (e.g., Clucas, 1997c; Clucas and James, 1997; FAO, 1994; 1995; 1997a; Prado, 1992), as well as meetings such as the SEAFDEC Regional Workshop on Responsible Fishing (24-27 June 1997), are further evidence of the intent to share experiences and information that will facilitate the development of more selective fishing gear and techniques, and in this way provide better protection for the world�s marine resources. This approach is the antithesis of a profit-oriented venture, for although the information presented in these workshops and publications derives from work made possible from considerable amounts of private and state funding, state-of-the-art descriptions on methods for reducing bycatch problems are available to anyone who reads the reports, despite their institutional affiliation.

8. In summary, there are a number of specialists who have dedicated their professional careers to finding ways to improve modern fishing activities, making them more selective (and thus, less destructive) and allowing fishers to be more responsible. Advances of this nature are regarded as assets to humanity, and for this reason, these specialists are eager to share their information and skills with as wide a public as possible.

FORMAL MATERIALS APPENDED:

Chronological listing of TED technology transfer workshops: 5 p.

Mitchell, J. F., J. W. Watson, D. G. Foster and R. E. Caylor, (1995), The Turtle Excluder Device (TED): A Guide to Better Performance, US Department of Commerce; National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; National Marine Fisheries Service; Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula, Mississippi. NMFS-SEFSC-366, 35 p.

Mitchell, J. F., J. W. Watson, D. G. Foster and R. E. Caylor, ( 1995), El Excluidor de Tortugas (TED): Un Guía para Mejorar su Funcionamiento, U.S. Department of Commerce; National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; National Marine Fisheries Service; Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula, Mississippi. NMFS-SEFSC-366, 34 p.

Mitchell, J. F., J. W. Watson, D. G. Foster and R. E. Caylor, (1995), Tái-liêu hu'ó'ng dàn cách xú'-dung bô phân loc rùa biê'n môt cách hu'u hiêu, U.S. Department of Commerce; National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; National Marine Fisheries Service; Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula, Mississippi. NMFS-SEFSC-366, 35 p.

Pelatihan Petugas Perikanan Dalam Rangka Pembuatan Konstruksi Dan Penggunnan TED (Turtle Excluder Device) Tanggal 14 S/D 19 Oktober 1996 Di Tegal (Jawa Tengah), (1996), Direktorat Bina Produski, Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan, Indonesia, 8 p.

H.E. Montri Darnpaiboon, (1996), Opening Address, Workshop on the Use of Turtle Free Devices in Shrimp Trawlers, 2 p.

H.E. Deputy Minister, (1996), The Report Address, Workshop on the Use of Turtle Free Devices in Shrimp Trawl Net, 3 p.

Thai Turtle Free Device, 13 p.

TED Regulations Summary Card: Single Grid Hard TEDs n. d. U.S. Department of Commerce; National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; National Marine Fisheries Service; Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula, Mississippi. 2 p.

Tarejeta Resumen de Reglamentos de Tortuga (TED): TED Parilla Sensilla Rigida. n. d. U.S. Department of Commerce; National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; National Marine Fisheries Service; Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula, Mississippi. 2 p.

Báng Tóm-Lu'o'c Nhû'g DiêuLê, Áp Dung Cho Nhû'g Bô-Phân Loc Rùa (TED). LOAI VÎ SÃT CÚ'NG. n. d. U.S. Department of Commerce; National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; National Marine Fisheries Service; Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula, Mississippi. 2 p.

Seidel, W. R., (1997), Foreign TED technology transfer to India and Bangladesh: Trip report, Wilber R. Seidel, David Bernhart and Jack Forrester, May 2-14, 1997, United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Pascagoula, 5 p.

CORRESPONDENCE APPENDED:

Australia:

February 1982. C. J. Limpus to J. W. Watson, 1 p.

1 August 1983. C. A. Oravetz to C. Limpus, 1 p.

29 August 1983. C. A. Oravetz to C. Limpus, 1 p.

28 June 1984. A. Mager to C. Limpus, 1 p.

27 November 1985. C. A. Oravetz to C. J. Grant, 1 + 10 p.

26 February 1986. C. A. Oravetz to C. J. Grant, 1 p.

9 April 1986. C. J. Grant to C. A. Oravetz, 1 p.

21 May 1986. C. A. Oravetz to C. J. Grant, 1 p.

24 August 1987. W. D. Mitchell to P. W. Raymond, 1 + 2 p.

15 September 1987. C. A. Oravetz to D. Mitchell, 1 p.

24 March 1988. C. A. Oravetz to G. Goeden, 1 + 1 + 6 p.

5 February 1992. T. Tucker to C. A. Oravetz, 2 p.

24 March 1992. C. A. Oravetz to T Tucker, 2 p.

28 June 1996. J. F. Mitchell to J. McGilvray, 1 p.

Bangladesh:

9 June 1997. Powel to SEC STATE, 6 p.

Canada:

21 May 1986. J. W. Watson to W. H. L. Allsopp, 2 p.

29 May 1986. C. A. Oravetz to W. H. L. Allsopp, 2 p.

16 July 1995. J. F. Mitchell to J. J. Ryan, 1 p.

6 December 1995. J. F. Mitchell to N. Mrosovsky, 1 p.

Colombia:

14 July 1995. J. F. Mitchell to G. Piacenza, 1 p.

2 October 1995. J. F. Mitchell to P. Thiriez, 1 p.

Costa Rica:

21 May 1997. W. R. Seidel to J. Campos M., 2 p.

France:

6 November 1984. C. A. Oravetz to J. Fretey, 1 p.

India:

23 November 1982. J. C. Sawhney to J. W. Watson, 1 p.

14 December 1982. C. S. Kar to J. W. Watson, 1 p.

2 August 1991. Lorton to AM EMBASSY New Delhi, 2 p.

2 August 1991. Lorton to AM EMBASSY New Delhi, 1 p.

27 February 1992. Clark to SEC. STATE, 1 p.

30 July 1992. R. Ganapathy to P. Williams, 1 p.

13 August 1992. R. Ganapathy to "J. Oravitz", 1 p.

26 August 1992. C. A. Oravetz to R. Ganapathy, 2 p.

28 August 1992. R. Ganapathy to C. A. Oravetz, 1 p.

14 November 1994. B. Patnaik to R. Schmitten, 2 p.

9 January 1995. R. A. Schmitten to B. Patnaik, 1 p.

24 January 1995. M. K. Ahmed to R. A. Schmitten, 1 p.

15 March 1995. R. A. Schmitten to M. K. Ahmed, 2 p.

26 December 1995. R. A. Schmitten to H. S. Sarkar, 1 p.

30 December 1995. H. S. Sarkar to R. A. Schmitten, 1 p.

5 January 1996. Daley to SEC. STATE, 1 p.

29 March 1996. Wisner to SEC STATE, 2 p.

4 April 1996. Christopher to AM EMBASSY New Delhi, 1 p.

23 April 1996. W. R. Seidel to D. Roychowdhury, 2 p.

5 September 1996. W. R. Seidel to H. S. Sarkar, 2 p.

5 September 1996. W. R. Seidel to D. Roychowdhury, 2 p.

5 September 1997. B. Pradeep Kumar to W. R. Seidel, 1 p.

Indonesia:

24 August 1982. G. S. Posner to file, 5 p.

24 August 1982. C. A. Oravetz to L. Ogren, 1 p.

9 September 1982. W. R. Seidel to G. S. Posner, 1 p.

26 November 1982. Telegram from AM EMBASSY Jakarta, 1 p.

28 April 1983. C. A. Oravetz to E. C. Bricklemeyer, Jr., 1 + 5 p.

17 June 1983. W. R. Seidel to G. S. Posner, 2 p.

21 March 1985. C. A. Oravetz to Gomal, 1 p.

To Continue With Appendix 2