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World Trade
Organization

WT/DS58/R
(15 May 1998
(98-1710)

United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products

Report of the Panel

(Continued)


SAMUDRA, (1994), The Cebu Conference, Proceedings, International Collective in Support of Fishworkers, Madras, India, 346 pp.

Sarker, H.S., P. Mohanty-Hejmadi, W.R. Seidel, H. Lingham, K.P. Philip, C. Behera, R.S. Mishra, J. Ramesh, T.K. Patnaik, (1996), Recommendations of the training-cum-demonstration workshop on turtle excluder device (TED) held at Paradeep, Orissa, from 11-14 November 1996, Department of Fisheries, Government of Orissa & Project Swarajya, Cuttack, Orissa, 8 pp.

SEAFDEC, (1996), TED gained Thai fishermen�s acceptance, SEAFDEC Newsletter July-September, pp. 11, 15.

SEAFDEC, (1997a), Workshop on TED in Malaysia, SEAFDEC Newsletter January-March 20(1):10

SEAFDEC, (1997b), TED research in Malaysia proves another theory, SEAFDEC Newsletter January-March 20(1).

SEAFDEC, (1997c), TD promotes TED�s in the region, SEAFDEC World Wide Web page.

Seidel, W.R. and C. McVae, R., (1982), Development of a sea turtle excluder shrimp trawl for the southeast U.S. penaeid shrimp fishery, in: K.A. Bjorndal (ed.), (1982), Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 497-502.

Settle, S., (1995), Status of nesting populations of sea turtles in Thailand and their conservation, Marine Turtle Newsletter, 68:8-13.

Shaver, D.J., (1994), Sea turtle strandings along the Texas coast reach alarming levels, Marine Turtle Newsletter, 66:8-9.

Shaver, D.J., (1995), Sea turtle strandings along the Texas coast again cause concern, Marine Turtle Newsletter, 70:2-4.

Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund, (1997), Statement of Scientists, 12 pp.

Silas, E.G., (1984), Observations on turtles at sea and in the Lakshadweep, Central Marine Fisheries Researcy Institute Bulletin 35:59-61.

Silas, E.G., M. Rajagopalan and A. Bastian Fernando, (1983a), Sea turtles of India - Need for a crash programme on conservation and effective management of the resource, Marine Fisheries Information Service, (Special issue on management and conservation: Sea Turtles), 50:1-12.

Silas, E.G., M. Rajagopalan, A. Bastian Fernando and S.S. Dan, (1983b), Marine turtle conservation and management: A survey of the situation in Orissa 1981/82 and 1982/83, Marine Fisheries Information Service, (Special issue on management and conservation Sea Turtles), 50:13-23.

Silas, E.G., M. Rajagopalan and S.S. Dan, (1983c), Marine turtle conservation and management: A survey of the situation in West Bengal 1981/82 and 1982/83, Marine Fisheries Information Service, (Special issue on management and conservation Sea Turtles), 50:54-32.

Silas, E.G., M. Rajagopalan, S.S. Dan and A. Bastian Fernando, (1984), Observations on the mass nesting and immediate postmass nesting influxes of the olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea at Gahirmatha, Orissa-1984 season, Central Marine Fisheries Researcy Institute Bulletin 35:76-82.

Silas, E.G., M. Rajagopalan, S.S. Dan and A. Bastian Fernando, (1985), On the large and mini arribadas of the olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea at Gahirmatha, Orissa during the 1985 season, Marine Fisheries Information Service, 64:1-19.

Siow K.T. and E.O. Moll, (1982), Status and conservation of estuarine and sea turtles in West Malaysian waters, in: K.A. Bjorndal (ed.), (1982), Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 339-347.

Smith, A.R., (1997), Selectivity in its wider context, in: I.J. Clucas and D.G. James (eds.), (1997) Papers presented at the technical consultation on Reduction of Wastage in Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan, 28 October-1 November 1996, FAO Fisheries Report, No. 547, Supplement. Rome, FAO, pp. 15-23.

Smith, T.P., (1995), Solving the bycatch problem: An economic perspecive, in: T. Wray (technical editor), Solving Bycatch: Considerations for Today and Tommorrow, University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program, Fairbanks, Alaska, pp. 53-59.

Spring, C.S., (1982), Status of marine turtle populations in Papua New Guinea, in: K.A. Bjorndal (ed.), (1982), Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 281-291.

Sridhar, V., (1997a), Threatened habitat: Olive ridley turtles on the Orissa coast need protection, Frontline (New Delhi), 16 May 1997, pp. 66-69.

Sridhar, V., (1997b), Tracking the olive ridley, Frontline (New Delhi), 16 May 1997, pp. 70-71.

Stabenau, E.K., T.A. Heming and J F. Mitchell, (1991), Respiratory, acid-base and ionic status of Kemp�s ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempi) subjected to trawling, Comparative biochemistry and Physiology 99A, No. 1/2:107-111.

Stancyk, S.E., (1982), Non-human predators of sea turtles and their control, in: K.A. Bjorndal (ed.), (1982), Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 139-152.

Steiner, T., (1994), Shrimpers implicated as strandings soar in USA, Marine Turtle Newsletter, 67:2-5.

Stuart, E. and M. Cartin, (1994), Conservation of sea turtles at two national parks on the Andaman sea coast of Thailand, Marine Turtle Newsletter, 67:6-8.

Suliansa, M.S., P. Basintal and N.L. Chan, (1996), Impacts of fishery related activities on sea turtles, Paper presented at the National Seminar/Workshop on Marine Turtles and Terrapin Management, 22-23 October 1996, Cherating, Malaysia, 6 pp.

Supot C., (1997), Status of marine turtles in Thailand, Country Report presented at Northern Indian Ocean Workshop on Sea Turtles, Bhubaneshwar, India, January 1997.

Teutscher, F., (technical secretary), (1995a), Report and Proceedings, TCDC Worksh, Utilization of By-Catch from Shrimp Trawlers, Nose Bé, Madagascar, 6-8 June 1995, Government of Madagascar, United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization, 97 pp.

Teutscher, F., (1995b), By-catch in tropical shrimp fisheries, in: F. Teutscher (technical secretary), Report and Proceedings, TCDC Workshop, Utilization of By-Catch from Shrimp Trawlers, Nose Bé, Madagascar, 6-8 June 1995, Government of Madagascar, United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization, pp. 11-18.

TEWG (Turtle Expert Working Group), (1996), Kemp�s ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) status report, 28 June 1996, Unpublished manuscript, (deposited at Center for Marine Conservation, Washington, D.C.), 49 pp.

Tucker, A.D., J.B. Robins and D.P. McPhee, (1997), Adopting turtle excluder devices in Australia and the United States: What are the differences in technology transfer, promotion, and acceptance? Coastal Management, 25:405-421.

Tuoc, P., (1985), Shrimp resource and reasonable utilization of by-catch from shrimp trawlers, in: F. Teutscher (technical secretary), Report and Proceedings, TCDC Workshop, Utilization of By-Catch from Shrimp Trawlers, Nose Bé, Madagascar, 6-8 June 1995, Government of Madagascar, United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization, pp. 95-97.

Utting, P., (project co-ordinator), (1995), States in Disarray: The Social Effects of Globalization, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) and Banson, Geneva & London, 172 pp.

Van Buskirk, J. and L. B. Crowder, (1994), Life-history variation in marine turtles, Copeia, 1994:66-81.

Walakkamon Lamwitwatkit, (1996), Trawlers are behind sea turtle decline, The Nation (Bangkok), 13 March 1996.

Wamukoya, G.M., F. Kaloki and C. Mbindo, (1996), The status of sea turtle conservation in Kenya, in: S.L. Humphrey and R.V. Salm (eds.), Status of sea turtle conservation in the western Indian Ocean, Regional Seas Reports and Studies, UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya, No. 165, pp. 57-72.

Watson, J.W. and W.R. Seidel, (1980), Evaluation of techniques to decrease sea turtle mortalities in the southeastern United States shrimp fishery, International Council for Exploration of the Seas, C.M., B 31:1-8.

Weber, M., D. Crouse, R. Irvin and S. Iudicello, (1995), Delay and Denial: A political history of sea turtles and shrimp fishing, Center for Marine Conservation, Washington, D.C., 46 pp.

West, B., (1995), Turtle turmoil in India, Earth Island Journal, Spring 1995, p. 8.

Witzell, W.N., (1994), The origin, evolution and demise of the U.S. Sea Turtle Fisheries, Marine Fisheries Review, 56(4):8-23.

World Bank, (1997), World Development Indicators, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

World Conference on Sea Turtle Conservation, (1982), Sea turtle conservation strategy, Action plan for the conservation of sea turtles, Action projects, in: K.A. Bjorndal (ed.), (1982), Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 567-583.

Wray, T., (technical editor), (1995), Solving Bycatch: Considerations for Today and Tommorrow, University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program, Fairbanks, Alaska, ix + 322 pp.

Wright, A., (1984), Letter to Shri. J. B. Patnaik, Hon�ble Chief Minister of Orissa, 2 pp.

Wyneken, J., (1997), Resolutions of the 17th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtles Biology and Conservation, 4-8 March 1997, Orlando, Florida, USA, 9 pp.

Yamamoto, T., (1994), Fishing rights and licences, A new fishery law may help, SAMUDRA 10 & 11:29-30.

Cited by Mr. M. Guinea:

Broderick et. al., (1994), Genetic Studies of the Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys Imbricata: Evidence for Multiple Stocks in Australian Waters, Pacific Conservation Biology, Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 123-131.

Carr, A., (1973), So Excellent a Fish, Anchor Press.

Chaloupka, M.Y. and Musick, J.A., (1997), Age, Growth and Population Dynamics, in: Lutz, P.L. and J.A. Musick (ed.), The Biology of Sea Turtles. CRC Press pp 234-276.

Chan, E.H., H.C. Liew and A.G. Mazlan, (1987), The Incidental Capture of Sea Turtles in Fishing Gear in Terengganu, Malaysia, Biological Conservation, 1-7.

Chatto, R., M. Guinea and S. Conway, (1995), Sea Turtles Killed by Flotsam in Northern Australia, Marine Turtle Newsletter, 69:17-8.

Chokesanguan, B., Y. Theparoonrat, S. Ananpongsuk, A. Siriraksophon, L. Podapol, P. Aosomboon, and A. Ali, (1996), The Experiments on Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) for Shrimp Trawl Nets in Thailand.

Crouse, D.T., L.B. Crowder, H. Caswell, (1987), A Stage-Based Model for Loggerhead Sea Turtles and Implications for Conservation, Ecology, 68(5):1412-1423.

Davis, T.A. and Bedi, R., (1978), Mass Slaughter of Sea Turtles, Hamadryad, p. 8.

Eckert, S.A. and Sarti, L., (1997), Distant Fisheries Implicated in the Loss of the World�s Largest Leatherback Nesting Population, Marine Turtle Newsletter, 78:2-7.

Frazier, J., (1980), Exploitation of Marine Turtles in the Indian Ocean, Human Ecology, 8(4):329-370,.

Grand, J. and Beissinger, S.R., (1997), When Relocation of Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta Caretta) Nests Becomes a Useful Strategy, Journal of Herpetology, 31(3):428-434.

Guinea, M.L. and Chatto, R., (1992), Sea Turtles Killed in Australian Shark Fin Fishery, Marine Turtle Newsletter, 57:5-6.

Guinea, M.L., (1993), The Sea Turtles of Fiji, SPREP Reports and Studies Series, No. 65.

Heppell et. al., (1996), Population Model Analysis for the Loggerhead Sea Turtle Caretta Caretta, in Queensland, Wildlife Research, 23:143-59.

IUCN (World Conservation Union), (1995), Integrating Marine Conservation in the Indian Ocean: 1996 and Beyond, Summary and Working Group Reports, November 28-December 1, 1995, Mombasa, Kenya.

IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group, (1995a), A Global Strategy for the Conservation of Marine Turtles.

Johannes, R E. and MacFarlane, J.W., (1991), Traditional Fishing in the Torres Strait Islands, pp. 53-71, CSIRO Division of Fisheries.

Kar, C.S. and Bhaskar, S., (1992), Status of Sea Turtles in the Eastern Indian Ocean, in Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles, K.A. Bjorndal ed.

Liew H.-C., (1997), Marine Turtle Research and Management in Malaysia, in: Proceedings of Workshop on Marine Turtle Research and Management in Indonesia, Jember, East Java, November 1996, pp. 101-110.

Limpus, C.J., (1997), Marine Turtle populations of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific Region: Distribution and Status, in: Proceedings of the Workshop on Marine Turtle Research and Management in Indonesia, Jember, East Java, November 1996, pp. 37- 72.

Limpus, C.J., (1997a), The Marine Turtle Life Cycle, in Proceedings of the Workshop on Marine Turtle Research and Management in Indonesia, Jember, East Java, Indonesia, November 1996, pp. 185-6.

Limpus, C.J. and Reed, P.C., (1985), Green Sea Trutles Stranded by Cyclone Kathy on the South-Western Coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Aust Wildl. Res., 12:523-33.

Lohmann, K.J., B.E. Witherington, C.M.F. Lohmann and M. Solomon, (1997), Orientation, Navigation, and Natal Beach Homing in Sea Turtles, in: Lutz, P.L. and J.A. Musick, The Biology of Sea Turtles, CRC Press.

Lutcavage, M.E., P. Plotkin, B. Witherington, and P.L. Lutz, (1997), Human Impacts on Sea Turtle Survival, in: P.L. Lutz and J.A. Musick (ed.), The Biology of Sea Turtles, pp. 387-409.

Marine Turtle Newsletter, Hurricane Pauline Destroyed 40 Million Sea Turtle Eggs in the Oaxacan Beach of Mazunte, (1997), No. 78, p. 26.

Marquez, R., (1990), Sea Turtles of the World, FAO Species Catalogue, p. 48,.

Monanunsap, S., (1997), Marine Turtle Research and Management in Thailand, in: Proceedings of the Workshop on Marine Turtle Research and Management in Indonesia, Jember, East Java, November 1996, pp. 139-149.

Mortimer, J.A., (1995), Teaching Critical Concepts for the Conservation of Sea Turtles, Marine Turtle Newsletter, 71:1-4. (Attachment 30).

Mounsey, R., (1995), The Australian Trawl Efficiency Device (AusTED) in the Northern Prawn Fishery (NPF), FAO Workshop on Selective Shrimp Trawling With Selective Devices, 24-26 July 1997, Darwin NT Australia.

National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, (1990), Decline of the Sea Turtles - Causes and Prevention.

Paterson, P., (1979), Shark Meshing Takes a Heavy Toll of Harmless Marine Animals, Australian Fisheries, 38(10):17-23.

Poiner I.R., R.C. Buckworth, and A.N. Harris, (1990), Incidental Capture and Mortality of Sea Turtles in Australia's Northern Prawn Fishery, Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 41:97-110.

Pritchard, P., (1997), Evolution, Phylogeny and Current Status, in: P.L. Lutz and J.A. Musick (ed.), The Biology of Sea Turtles, p. 16.

Robins, J. and Campbell M., (1997), History of BRD Development in Australia, FAO Workshop on Selective Shrimp Trawling With Selective Devices, 24-26 July 1997, Darwin NT Australia.

Robins, J., (1995), Estimated Catch and Mortality of Sea Turtles From the East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery of Queensland, Australia, Biological Conservation, 74:157-167.

Sachse, M. and Wallner, B., (in press), Marine Turtle Bycatch in the Northern Prawn Fishery - Scale of the Problem and Developing Solutions, in: Proceedings of the Workshop on Marine Turtle Conservation and Management in Northern Australia, 3-4 June 1997.

Satapathy Rajaram, The Times of India News Service, per Frazier J., 17 November 1997.

Stanley W., (1996), US Net Ban to Prawn Industry, Northern Territory News, May 6, 1996.

Steiner, T., (1994), International Implementation of TEDs Law, PL. 101-162, by the U.S. Government: Fact or Science Fiction, Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, NOAA, Technical Memorandum, NMFS -SEFSC-341: pp. 171-181.

The Status of Major Sea Turtle Populations in Malaysia, (http://www.upmt.edu.my/seatru/mals3.htm),.

Threats to Sea Turtles, (http://www.upmt.edu.my/seatru/cons2.htm).

Travis, W., (1967), The Voice of the Turtle, George Allen and Unwin, London.

Verbal presentation by India at FAO Responsible Fishing Workshop Darwin, NT, Australia, 24-26 July 1997.

WWF, Marine Turtles of Pakistan.

Cited by Mr. H.-C. Liew:

M. Coyne, (16-06-97), Some good and bad news for Kemp's, CTURTLE List (Internet Source).

D. Crouse, (20-05-96), TEDs Action Alert, CTURTLE List (Internet Source).

Limpus C.J., (1997), Marine Turtle Populations of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific Region: Distribution and Status, Yus R. N., R.L. Irwansyah, R. Ounsted, S. Troeng and A. Abdullah (eds). Proc. Of the Workshop on Marine Turtle research and Management in Indonesia, Jember, East Java. Nov. 1996, Wetlands International/PHPA/Environment Australia, Bogor.:37-73.

T. Steiner, (29-07-97), Are TEDs coming off, CTURTLE List (Internet Source).

T. Steiner, (19-11-97), Re: Kemp's at Rancho Nuevo, CTURTLE List (Internet Source).

Suliansa M.S., P. Basintal and N.L. Chan, (in press), Impacts of Fishery Related Activities on Sea Turtles, Paper presented at the National Seminar/Workshop on Marine Turtle and Terrapin Management, 22-23 October 1996, Cherating, Malaysia.

Cited by Dr. I. Poiner:

Anonymous, (1997), Interim Advice to the Minister for the Environment from the Endangered Species Scientific Subcommittee (ESSS) on a Public Nomination to Schedule 3 of the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (ESP Act). (Note � the nomination was for the incidental catch (bycatch) of sea turtles during coastal otter-trawl fishing operations in Australian waters north of 280S to be declared a key threatening process of sea turtles).

Bowen, B.W., Abreu-Grobois, F.A., Blazas, G.H., Kamezaki, N., Limpus, C. and Ferk, R.J., (1995), Trans-Pacific Migrations of the Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) Demonstrated with Mitochondrial DNA Markers, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 92:3731.

Broderick, D., Moritz, C., Millar, J.D., Guinea, M., Prince, R.I.T. and Limpus, C., (1994), Genetic Studies of the Hawksbill Turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata: Evidence for Multiple Stocks in Australian Waters, Pacific Conservation Biology 1:123.

Brewer, D.T., Eayrs, J. and Rawlinson, N.J.F., (1995), Bycatch Reduction Devices Show Promise in the NPF, Australian Fisheries 54:24-26.

Brewer, D.T., Eayrs, J., Rawlinson, N.J.F., Salini, J.P., Farmer, M., Blaber, S.J.M., Ramm, D.C., Cartwright, I. And Poiner, I.R., (1997), Recent Advancements in Environmentally Friendly Trawl Gear Research in Australia, Proceedings of the 2nd World Fisheries Congress.

Caillouet, C.W., Shaver, D.J., Teas, W.G., Nance, J.M., Revera, D.B. and Cannon, A.C., (1995), Relationship Between Sea Turtle Stranding Rates and Shrimp Fishing Intensities in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico: 1986-1989 versus 1990-1993, Fisheries Bulletin 94:237-249.

Chaloupka, M.Y. and Limpus, C.J. (MS), Heuristic Simulation Modelling of Trawl Fishery Impacts on Southern Great Barrier Reef Loggerhead Population Dynamics, Fisheries Bulletin.

Chaloupka, M.Y. and Musick, J.A., (1997), Age, Growth and Population Dynamics, in: The Biology of Sea Turtles, Lutz, P.L and Musick, J.A. Eds., CRC Press Boca Raton, USA, p. 233-276.

Chan, E.H., Liew, H.C. and Maslan, A.G., (1987), The Incidental Capture of Sea Turtles in Fishing Gear in Terengganu, Malaysia, Biological Conservation 43:1-7.

Chark, L.H., (1997), Country Paper � Malaysia, Proceedings of the Workshop on Marine Turtle Research and Management in Indonesia, Jember, East Java, Indonesia, November 1996, p. 101-110.

Crouse, D.T., L.B. Crowder, & H. Caswell, (1987), A Stage Based Population Model for Loggerhead Sea Turtles and Implications for Conservation, Ecology 68:1412-1423.

Crowder, L.B., Crouse, D.T., Heppell, S.S. and Martin T.H., (1994), Predicting the Impact of Turtle Excluder Devices on Loggerhead Sea Turtle Populations, Ecological Applications 4:437-445.

Henwood, T.A. and W.E. Stuntz, (1987), Analysis of Sea Turtles Captures and Mortalities During Commercial Shrimp Trawling, Fisheries Bulletin, U.S. 85:813-817.

Henwood, T.A., Stuntz, W.E. and Thompson, (1992), Evaluation of U.S. Turtle Protective Measures Under Existing TED Regulations, Including Estimates of Shrimp Trawler Related Mortality in the Wider Caribbean, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-303.

Heppell, S.S., Limpus, C.J., Crouse, D.T., Frazer, N.B. and Crowder, L.B., (1995), Population Model Analysis for the Loggerhead sea Turtle, Caretta caretta, in Queensland, Australian Wildlife Research, 23:143-154

Limpus, C., (1997), Marine Turtle Population of South East Asia and the Western Pacific Region: Distribution and Status, Proceedings of the Workshop on Marine Turtle Research and Management in Indonesia, Jember, East Java, Indonesia, November 1996.

Lutcavage, M.E., Plotkin, P., Witherinton, B. and Lutz, P., (1997), Human impacts on sea turtle survival, in: The Biology of Sea Turtles, Lutz, P.L and Musick, J.A. Eds., CRC Press Boca Raton, USA, p. 387-409.

Monanunsap, S., (1997), Country paper � Thailand, Proceedings of the Workshop on Marine Turtle Research and Management in Indonesia. Jember, East Java, Indonesia, November 1996, p. 139-149.

Poiner, I.R. and Harris, A.N.M., (1996), Incidental Capture, Direct Mortality and Delayed Mortality of Sea Turtles in Australia�s Northern Prawn Fishery, Marine Biology 125:813-825.

Robins, J.B., (1995), Estimated Catch and Mortality of Sea Turtles form the East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery of Queensland, Australia, Biological Conservation 74:157-167.

Robins-Troeger, J.B., Buckworth, R.C. and Dredge, M.C.l., (1995), Development of a Trawl Efficiency Device (TED) for Australian Prawn Fisheries. II. Field evaluations of the AusTED. Fisheries Research 22:107-117.

Settle, S., (1995), Status of Nesting Populations of Sea Turtles in Thailand and their Conservation. Marine Turtle Newsletter 68:8-13.

Somers, I., (1994), Modelling Loggerhead Turtle Populations, in: Proceedings of the Marine Turtle Conservation Workshop, James, R., Compiler, Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra, p. 142-153.

Tucker, A.D., McPhee, D.P., and Robbins, J.B., (1997), Adopting Turtle Excluder Devices in Australia and the United States: What Are the Differences in Technology Transfer, Promotion and Acceptance? Coastal Management 25:404-421.

To Continue With Annex IV